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Tengger massif

Tengger Caldera

Stratovolcano · Indonesia · 2329m

Bromo volcano produces a gas-and-steam plume at the left in this view from the rim of Ngadisari caldera, the older of two Tengger calderas. Bromo and Batok in the lower center are two of several post-caldera cones within the caldera. The towering peak of Semeru appears in the background at the end of a N-S trending volcanic massif.
Bromo volcano produces a gas-and-steam plume at the left in this view from the rim of Ngadisari caldera, the older of two Tengger calderas. Bromo and Batok in the lower center are two of several post-caldera cones within the caldera. The towering peak of Semeru appears in the background at the end of a N-S trending volcanic massif. · Photo: Photo courtesy of Volcanological Survey of Indonesia. · Wikimedia Commons
Type
Stratovolcano
Country
Indonesia
Region
Sunda-Banda Volcanic Regions / Sunda Volcanic Arc
Elevation
2329m
Coordinates
-7.942, 112.950
Last eruption
2023
Tectonic setting
Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)
Landform
Composite
Major rock type
Trachyandesite / Basaltic Trachyandesite
Geological summary

The 16-km-wide Tengger caldera is located at the northern end of a volcanic massif extending from Semeru volcano. The massive volcanic complex dates back to about 820,000 years ago and consists of five overlapping stratovolcanoes, each truncated by a caldera. Lava domes, pyroclastic cones, and a maar occupy the flanks of the massif. The Ngadisari caldera at the NE end of the complex formed about 150,000 years ago and is now drained through the Sapikerep valley. The most recent of the calderas is the 9 x 10 km wide Sandsea caldera at the SW end of the complex, which formed incrementally during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. An overlapping cluster of post-caldera cones was constructed on the floor of the Sandsea caldera within the past several thousand years. The youngest of these is Bromo, one of Java's most active and most frequently visited volcanoes.

From Wikipedia

Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park is a national park located in East Java, Indonesia, to the east of Malang, to the west of Lumajang, to the south of Pasuruan and Probolinggo, and to the southeast of Surabaya, the capital of East Java. It is the only conservation area in Indonesia that has a sand sea, the Tengger Sand Sea, across which is the caldera of an ancient volcano (Tengger) from which four new volcanic cones have emerged. This unique feature covers a total area of 5,250 hectares at an altitude of about 2,100 meters (6,900 ft). The massif also contains the highest mountain in Java, Mount Semeru, four lakes, and 50 rivers. It is named after the Tenggerese people. The explosion of the volcano that created the caldera, happened ca. 45.000 years ago, in an event similar to the Krakatau eruption.

Wikipedia · CC BY-SA · Read full article →

Eruption history

Summary (VEI over time)
Click a bar to see individual eruptions
5260 BCE~5017 BCE · 1 eruptions · max VEI ?890 BCE~647 BCE · 1 eruptions · max VEI 481~324 · 1 eruptions · max VEI 2324~566 · 1 eruptions · max VEI 31537~1780 · 3 eruptions · max VEI 21780~2023 · 65 eruptions · max VEI 35260 BCE3561 BCE1618 BCE811780

Detailed timeline

  1. 2023VEI 1Observed
    2023-12-13 – 2023-12-13
  2. 2021VEI 0Observed
    2021-04-15 – 2021-10-22
    Bromo
  3. 2020VEI 1Observed
    2020-12-26 – 2020-12-28
  4. 2019VEI 2Observed
    2019-02-18 – 2019-07-28
    Bromo
  5. 2015VEI 2Observed
    2015-11-12 – 2016-11-12
    Bromo cone
  6. 2010VEI 3Observed
    2010-11-26 – 2011-06-13
    Bromo
  7. 2004VEI 2Observed
    2004-06-08 – 2004-06-24
    Bromo
  8. 2000VEI 2Observed
    2000-11-29 – 2001-01-15
    Bromo
  9. 1995VEI 1Observed
    1995-03-03 – 1995-05-26
    Bromo
  10. 1995VEI 1Observed
    1995-09-09 – 1995-12-16
    Bromo
  11. 1984VEI 1Observed
    1984-05-12 – 1984-05-31
    Bromo
  12. 1983VEI 1Geological estimate
    1983-04-15 – 1983-06-28
    Bromo
  13. 1983VEI 1Observed
    1983-12-21 – 1983-12-21
    Bromo
  14. 1980VEI 2Observed
    1980-06-05 – 1980-09-20
    Bromo
  15. 1972VEI 2Observed
    1972-01-26 – 1972-03-16
    Bromo
  16. 1956VEI 2Observed
    1956-06-16 – 1956-07-16
    Bromo
  17. 1955VEI 2Observed
    1955-12-29 – 1955-12-30
    Bromo
  18. 1950VEI 2Observed
    1950-05-27 – 1950-08-16
    Bromo
  19. 1948VEI 3Observed
    1948-02-15 – 1948-04-25
    Bromo
  20. 1940VEI 2Observed
    1940-04-25 – 1940-07-03
    Bromo
  21. 1939VEI 2Observed
    1939-06-24 – 1939-07
    Bromo
  22. 1935VEI 2Observed
    1935-07 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  23. 1930VEI 2Observed
    1930-05-30 – 1930-07
    Bromo
  24. 1929VEI 2Observed
    1929-08-07 – 1929-09-08
    Bromo
  25. 1928VEI 2Observed
    1928-03-15 – 1928-07
    Bromo
  26. 1928VEI 2Observed
    1928-12-16 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  27. 1922VEI 2Observed
    1922-02-05 – 1922-06-20
    Bromo
  28. 1921VEI 2Observed
    1921-06 – 1921-10-17
    Bromo
  29. 1915VEI 3Observed
    1915-11 – 1916-06
    Bromo
  30. 1910VEI 2Observed
    1910-01-18 – 1910-01-21
    Bromo
  31. 1909VEI 2Observed
    1909-01-12 – 1909-01-14
    Bromo
  32. 1907VEI 2Observed
    1907-08-28 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  33. 1907VEI 2Observed
    1907-12-14 – 1908-02-13
    Bromo
  34. 1906VEI 2Observed
    1906-09-25 – 1907-05-18
    Bromo
  35. 1896VEI 2Observed
    1896 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  36. 1893VEI 2Observed
    1893-01-13 – 1893-03-27
    Bromo
  37. 1890VEI 2Observed
    1890-05 – 1890-09
    Bromo
  38. 1888VEI 2Geological estimate
    1888-02-27 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  39. 1886VEI 2Observed
    1886-04-15 – 1886-04-26
    Bromo
  40. 1886VEI 2Observed
    1886-11-11 – 1887-01-25
    Bromo
  41. 1885VEI 2Observed
    1885-06 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  42. 1885VEI 2Observed
    1885-10-31 – 1886-01-10
    Bromo
  43. 1877VEI 2Observed
    1877-04-24 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  44. 1867VEI 2Observed
    1867-12-13 – 1868-01-12
    Bromo
  45. 1866VEI 2Observed
    1866-07 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  46. 1865VEI 2Observed
    1865-12-01 – 1865-12-18
    Bromo
  47. 1865VEI 2Observed
    1865-04 – 1865-05
    Bromo
  48. 1860VEI 2Observed
    1860-06-12 – 1860-06-14
    Bromo
  49. 1859VEI 2Observed
    1859-01-30 – 1859-03-04
    Bromo
  50. 1858VEI 2Observed
    1858-03-04 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  51. 1858VEI 2Observed
    1858-10-18 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  52. 1857VEI 2Observed
    1857 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  53. 1856VEI 2Geological estimate
    1856-09-10 – Ongoing
    Volcano Uncertain
  54. 1844VEI 2Observed
    1844-11-09 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  55. 1843VEI 2Observed
    1843-01 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  56. 1842VEI 2Observed
    1842-01-24 – 1842-06
    Bromo
  57. 1835VEI 2Observed
    1835 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  58. 1830VEI 2Observed
    1830-03-03 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  59. 1830VEI 2Observed
    1830-12-15 – 1830-12-16
    Bromo
  60. 1829VEI 2Observed
    1829-11-05 – 1829-11-11
    Bromo
  61. 1825VEI 2Observed
    1825-11-05 – 1825-11-08
    Bromo
  62. 1822VEI 2Observed
    1822-12-28 – 1823-01-05
    Bromo
  63. 1820VEI 2Observed
    1820 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  64. 1815VEI 2Observed
    1815-04-05 – 1815-04-17
    Bromo
  65. 1804VEI 2Observed
    1804-09 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  66. 1775VEI ?Geological estimate
    1775 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  67. 1767VEI ?Geological estimate
    1767 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  68. 1590 (±50 yrs)VEI 2Geological estimate
    1590 – Ongoing
    Bromo
  69. 330 (±50 yrs)VEI 3Geological estimate
    330 – Ongoing
    Segorowedi
  70. 190 (±50 yrs)VEI 2Geological estimate
    190 – Ongoing
    Widodaren
  71. 830 BCE (±50 yrs)VEI 4Geological estimate
    BCE 830 – Ongoing
    Sandsea caldera
  72. 5260 BCE (±780 yrs)VEI ?Geological estimate
    BCE 5260 – Ongoing
    Sandsea caldera

External links

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