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Gamalama

Estratovolcán · Indonesia · 1714 m

Gamalama (Peak of Ternate) is a near-conical stratovolcano that rises abruptly NW of the city of Ternate, the principal port of the renowned spice islands of northern Maluku. Three cones, progressively younger to the north, form the summit of Gamalama. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano. Eruptions from Gamalama, one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, have been recorded since the 16th century.
Gamalama (Peak of Ternate) is a near-conical stratovolcano that rises abruptly NW of the city of Ternate, the principal port of the renowned spice islands of northern Maluku. Three cones, progressively younger to the north, form the summit of Gamalama. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano. Eruptions from Gamalama, one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, have been recorded since the 16th century. · Foto: Photo by Jack Lockwood, 1980 (U.S. Geological Survey). · Wikimedia Commons
Tipo
Estratovolcán
País
Indonesia
Región
Western Pacific Volcanic Regions / Halmahera Volcanic Arc
Altitud
1714 m
Coordenadas
0.810, 127.332
Última erupción
2018
Contexto tectónico
Subduction zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)
Forma volcánica
Composite
Roca principal
Andesite / Basaltic Andesite
Resumen geológico

Gamalama is a near-conical stratovolcano that comprises the entire island of Ternate off the western coast of Halmahera, and is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. The island was a major regional center in the Portuguese and Dutch spice trade for several centuries, which contributed to the extensive documentation of activity. Three cones, progressively younger to the north, form the summit. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano; the S-flank Ngade maar formed after about 14,500–13,000 cal. BP (Faral et al., 2022). Eruptions, recorded frequently since the 16th century, typically originated from the summit craters, although flank eruptions have occurred in 1763, 1770, 1775, and 1962-63.

Resumen de Wikipedia

Resumen en inglés

Gamalama is a near-conical active stratovolcano that comprises the entire Ternate island in Indonesia. The island lies off the western shore of Halmahera island in the north of the Maluku Islands. For centuries, Ternate was a center of Portuguese and Dutch forts for spice trade, which have accounted for thorough reports of Gamalama's volcanic activities.

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Historial de erupciones

Resumen (VEI en el tiempo)
Haga clic en una barra para ver erupciones individuales
1510~1561 · 2 erupciones · VEI máx. 31561~1612 · 3 erupciones · VEI máx. 31612~1662 · 5 erupciones · VEI máx. 31662~1713 · 3 erupciones · VEI máx. 31713~1764 · 3 erupciones · VEI máx. 21764~1815 · 9 erupciones · VEI máx. 31815~1866 · 24 erupciones · VEI máx. 31866~1916 · 12 erupciones · VEI máx. 21916~1967 · 6 erupciones · VEI máx. 21967~2018 · 17 erupciones · VEI máx. 315101612176418661967

Línea de tiempo detallada

  1. 2018VEI 1Observado
    2018-10-04 – 2018-10-06
    Summit crater
  2. 2016VEI 1Observado
    2016-08-03 – 2016-08-04
    Summit crater
  3. 2015VEI 2Observado
    2015-07-16 – 2015-09-08
    Summit crater
  4. 2014VEI 2Observado
    2014-12-18 – 2014-12-25
    Summit crater
  5. 2012VEI 1Observado
    2012-09-15 – 2012-09-17
    Summit crater
  6. 2011VEI 2Observado
    2011-12-05 – 2011-12-23
    Summit crater
  7. 2008VEI 1Estimación geológica
    2008-05-10 – En curso
  8. 2007VEI 1Estimación geológica
    2007-08-23 – En curso
  9. 2003VEI 2Observado
    2003-07-31 – 2003-10-02
  10. 1996VEI 2Observado
    1996-07-02 – En curso
  11. 1994VEI 2Observado
    1994-01-16 – 1994-10-15
  12. 1993VEI 2Observado
    1993-05-06 – 1993-05-21
  13. 1991VEI 1Estimación geológica
    1991-06-15 – 1991-06-15
  14. 1990VEI 3Observado
    1990-04-25 – 1990-04-26
  15. 1988VEI 2Observado
    1988-02-12 – 1988-03-16
  16. 1983VEI 3Observado
    1983-08-09 – 1983-08-12
  17. 1980VEI 2Observado
    1980-09-04 – 1980-09-23
  18. 1962VEI 2Observado
    1962-12-31 – 1963-01-02
    East flank
  19. 1938VEI 2Observado
    1938-09-08 – 1938-09-08
  20. 1933VEI 2Observado
    1933-11-12 – En curso
  21. 1932VEI 2Observado
    1932-11-10 – 1932-11-13
  22. 1923VEI 2Observado
    1923-04-13 – 1923-05-06
  23. 1918VEI 1Observado
    1918-08 – 1918-09-04
  24. 1911VEI 1Observado
    1911-09-02 – 1911-09-06
  25. 1907VEI 2Observado
    1907-11-17 – 1907-11-20
  26. 1900VEI 1Estimación geológica
    1900-05 – 1900-06-04
  27. 1898VEI 2Observado
    1898-05-14 – 1898-05-28
  28. 1897VEI 1Observado
    1897-09-07 – 1897-09-24
  29. 1896VEI 1Estimación geológica
    1896-08-03 – 1896-08-04
  30. 1895VEI 1Observado
    1895-12-19 – 1895-12-19
  31. 1884VEI 2Observado
    1884-05 – 1884-05
  32. 1884VEI 1Estimación geológica
    1884-12-08 – 1884-12-09
  33. 1871VEI 2Observado
    1871-08-07 – 1871-09-25
  34. 1868VEI 1Observado
    1868-03-13 – 1868-03-13
  35. 1868VEI 2Observado
    1868-11-13 – 1869-02-10
  36. 1864VEI 2Observado
    1864-01-20 – 1864-02-17
  37. 1864VEI 1Estimación geológica
    1864-06-04 – 1864-06-25
  38. 1864VEI 2Observado
    1864-12-27 – 1865-01-02
  39. 1863VEI 2Estimación geológica
    1863-05-01 – 1863-06
  40. 1862VEI 2Observado
    1862-07-15 – 1862-10
  41. 1860VEI 1Estimación geológica
    1860-06 – En curso
  42. 1858VEI 1Estimación geológica
    1858-11 – 1859-09
  43. 1849VEI 2Observado
    1849-11-27 – 1850-11-19
  44. 1847VEI 2Observado
    1847-02-07 – 1847-02-07
  45. 1847VEI ?Observado
    1847-09-07 – 1847-09-07
  46. 1846VEI 2Observado
    1846-05-19 – 1846-05-19
  47. 1845VEI 1Estimación geológica
    1845-04-23 – 1845-09-03
  48. 1844VEI 1Estimación geológica
    1844-03-24 – 1844-11-14
  49. 1843VEI 2Observado
    1843-04-10 – 1843-05-27
  50. 1842VEI 1Observado
    1842-10-06 – 1842-12-31
  51. 1841VEI 1Estimación geológica
    1841-03-30 – 1841-11-20
  52. 1840VEI 3Observado
    1840-02-02 – 1840-09-29
  53. 1839VEI 2Observado
    1839-01-29 – 1839-03-26
  54. 1838VEI 2Observado
    1838-02-26 – 1838-05
  55. 1835VEI 2Observado
    1835-01-04 – En curso
  56. 1833VEI 2Observado
    1833-06-15 – En curso
  57. 1831VEI 2Observado
    1831-05-27 – 1831-06-27
  58. 1830VEI ?Estimación geológica
    1830 – En curso
  59. 1821VEI 1Estimación geológica
    1821-08-22 – En curso
  60. 1814VEI 2Observado
    1814-11-27 – 1814-11-28
  61. 1812VEI 2Observado
    1812-09-07 – 1812-09-07
  62. 1811VEI 2Observado
    1811-02-01 – 1811-05
  63. 1781VEI ?Estimación geológica
    1781 – En curso
  64. 1775VEI 3Observado
    1775-08-20 – 1775-11-06
    Summit and NW flank (100 m)
  65. 1773VEI 2Observado
    1773-02-02 – 1773-02-07
  66. 1773VEI 2Observado
    1773-10-21 – 1774-01-22
  67. 1771VEI 3Observado
    1771-08-28 – 1772-10-09
  68. 1770VEI 3Observado
    1770-07-06 – 1770-12-09
  69. 1763VEI 2Observado
    1763 – En curso
    North flank
  70. 1739VEI 2Observado
    1739 – En curso
  71. 1737VEI 2Observado
    1737-03-10 – 1737-03-13
  72. 1687VEI 3Observado
    1687-05-10 – 1687-05-11
  73. 1686VEI 2Observado
    1686-09 – 1686-10-13
  74. 1676VEI 2Observado
    1676-12-31 – En curso
  75. 1659VEI 2Observado
    1659-06 – En curso
  76. 1653VEI 3Observado
    1653-12-31 – En curso
  77. 1648VEI 2Observado
    1648-06-15 – 1648-06-18
  78. 1643VEI 2Estimación geológica
    1643-06-15 – En curso
  79. 1635VEI 2Observado
    1635-03-29 – En curso
  80. 1608VEI 3Observado
    1608-07-18 – 1608-07-19
  81. 1605VEI 2Observado
    1605-05 – En curso
  82. 1561VEI 2Observado
    1561-12-31 – En curso
  83. 1538VEI 3Observado
    1538 – En curso
  84. 1510 (±10 años)VEI 3Observado
    1510 – En curso

Enlaces externos

⚠ Solo como referencia. No apto para respuesta ante emergencias.