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Gunung Gamalama

Gamalama

Stratovolkan · Indonesia · 1714 m

Gamalama (Peak of Ternate) is a near-conical stratovolcano that rises abruptly NW of the city of Ternate, the principal port of the renowned spice islands of northern Maluku. Three cones, progressively younger to the north, form the summit of Gamalama. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano. Eruptions from Gamalama, one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, have been recorded since the 16th century.
Gamalama (Peak of Ternate) is a near-conical stratovolcano that rises abruptly NW of the city of Ternate, the principal port of the renowned spice islands of northern Maluku. Three cones, progressively younger to the north, form the summit of Gamalama. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano. Eruptions from Gamalama, one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, have been recorded since the 16th century. · Foto: Photo by Jack Lockwood, 1980 (U.S. Geological Survey). · Wikimedia Commons
Tipe
Stratovolkan
Negara
Indonesia
Wilayah
Western Pacific Volcanic Regions / Halmahera Volcanic Arc
Ketinggian
1714 m
Koordinat
0.810, 127.332
Letusan terakhir
2018
Kondisi tektonik
Subduction zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)
Bentuk lahan
Composite
Batuan utama
Andesite / Basaltic Andesite
Ringkasan geologi

Gamalama is a near-conical stratovolcano that comprises the entire island of Ternate off the western coast of Halmahera, and is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. The island was a major regional center in the Portuguese and Dutch spice trade for several centuries, which contributed to the extensive documentation of activity. Three cones, progressively younger to the north, form the summit. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano; the S-flank Ngade maar formed after about 14,500–13,000 cal. BP (Faral et al., 2022). Eruptions, recorded frequently since the 16th century, typically originated from the summit craters, although flank eruptions have occurred in 1763, 1770, 1775, and 1962-63.

Ringkasan Wikipedia

Gunung Gamalama adalah sebuah Gunung berapi kerucut yang merupakan keseluruhan Pulau Ternate, Kepulauan Maluku, Indonesia. Pulau ini ada di pesisir barat Pulau Halmahera yang ada di bagian utara Kepulauan Maluku. Selama berabad-abad, Ternate adalah pusat benteng Portugis dan VOC Belanda untuk perdagangan rempah-rempah, yang telah mencatat aktivitas vulkanik Gunung Gamalama.

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Riwayat letusan

Ringkasan (VEI dari waktu ke waktu)
Klik pada bar untuk melihat letusan individu
1510~1561 · 2 letusan · VEI maks. 31561~1612 · 3 letusan · VEI maks. 31612~1662 · 5 letusan · VEI maks. 31662~1713 · 3 letusan · VEI maks. 31713~1764 · 3 letusan · VEI maks. 21764~1815 · 9 letusan · VEI maks. 31815~1866 · 24 letusan · VEI maks. 31866~1916 · 12 letusan · VEI maks. 21916~1967 · 6 letusan · VEI maks. 21967~2018 · 17 letusan · VEI maks. 315101612176418661967

Garis waktu rinci

  1. 2018VEI 1Teramati
    2018-10-04 – 2018-10-06
    Summit crater
  2. 2016VEI 1Teramati
    2016-08-03 – 2016-08-04
    Summit crater
  3. 2015VEI 2Teramati
    2015-07-16 – 2015-09-08
    Summit crater
  4. 2014VEI 2Teramati
    2014-12-18 – 2014-12-25
    Summit crater
  5. 2012VEI 1Teramati
    2012-09-15 – 2012-09-17
    Summit crater
  6. 2011VEI 2Teramati
    2011-12-05 – 2011-12-23
    Summit crater
  7. 2008VEI 1Perkiraan geologi
    2008-05-10 – Berlangsung
  8. 2007VEI 1Perkiraan geologi
    2007-08-23 – Berlangsung
  9. 2003VEI 2Teramati
    2003-07-31 – 2003-10-02
  10. 1996VEI 2Teramati
    1996-07-02 – Berlangsung
  11. 1994VEI 2Teramati
    1994-01-16 – 1994-10-15
  12. 1993VEI 2Teramati
    1993-05-06 – 1993-05-21
  13. 1991VEI 1Perkiraan geologi
    1991-06-15 – 1991-06-15
  14. 1990VEI 3Teramati
    1990-04-25 – 1990-04-26
  15. 1988VEI 2Teramati
    1988-02-12 – 1988-03-16
  16. 1983VEI 3Teramati
    1983-08-09 – 1983-08-12
  17. 1980VEI 2Teramati
    1980-09-04 – 1980-09-23
  18. 1962VEI 2Teramati
    1962-12-31 – 1963-01-02
    East flank
  19. 1938VEI 2Teramati
    1938-09-08 – 1938-09-08
  20. 1933VEI 2Teramati
    1933-11-12 – Berlangsung
  21. 1932VEI 2Teramati
    1932-11-10 – 1932-11-13
  22. 1923VEI 2Teramati
    1923-04-13 – 1923-05-06
  23. 1918VEI 1Teramati
    1918-08 – 1918-09-04
  24. 1911VEI 1Teramati
    1911-09-02 – 1911-09-06
  25. 1907VEI 2Teramati
    1907-11-17 – 1907-11-20
  26. 1900VEI 1Perkiraan geologi
    1900-05 – 1900-06-04
  27. 1898VEI 2Teramati
    1898-05-14 – 1898-05-28
  28. 1897VEI 1Teramati
    1897-09-07 – 1897-09-24
  29. 1896VEI 1Perkiraan geologi
    1896-08-03 – 1896-08-04
  30. 1895VEI 1Teramati
    1895-12-19 – 1895-12-19
  31. 1884VEI 2Teramati
    1884-05 – 1884-05
  32. 1884VEI 1Perkiraan geologi
    1884-12-08 – 1884-12-09
  33. 1871VEI 2Teramati
    1871-08-07 – 1871-09-25
  34. 1868VEI 1Teramati
    1868-03-13 – 1868-03-13
  35. 1868VEI 2Teramati
    1868-11-13 – 1869-02-10
  36. 1864VEI 2Teramati
    1864-01-20 – 1864-02-17
  37. 1864VEI 1Perkiraan geologi
    1864-06-04 – 1864-06-25
  38. 1864VEI 2Teramati
    1864-12-27 – 1865-01-02
  39. 1863VEI 2Perkiraan geologi
    1863-05-01 – 1863-06
  40. 1862VEI 2Teramati
    1862-07-15 – 1862-10
  41. 1860VEI 1Perkiraan geologi
    1860-06 – Berlangsung
  42. 1858VEI 1Perkiraan geologi
    1858-11 – 1859-09
  43. 1849VEI 2Teramati
    1849-11-27 – 1850-11-19
  44. 1847VEI 2Teramati
    1847-02-07 – 1847-02-07
  45. 1847VEI ?Teramati
    1847-09-07 – 1847-09-07
  46. 1846VEI 2Teramati
    1846-05-19 – 1846-05-19
  47. 1845VEI 1Perkiraan geologi
    1845-04-23 – 1845-09-03
  48. 1844VEI 1Perkiraan geologi
    1844-03-24 – 1844-11-14
  49. 1843VEI 2Teramati
    1843-04-10 – 1843-05-27
  50. 1842VEI 1Teramati
    1842-10-06 – 1842-12-31
  51. 1841VEI 1Perkiraan geologi
    1841-03-30 – 1841-11-20
  52. 1840VEI 3Teramati
    1840-02-02 – 1840-09-29
  53. 1839VEI 2Teramati
    1839-01-29 – 1839-03-26
  54. 1838VEI 2Teramati
    1838-02-26 – 1838-05
  55. 1835VEI 2Teramati
    1835-01-04 – Berlangsung
  56. 1833VEI 2Teramati
    1833-06-15 – Berlangsung
  57. 1831VEI 2Teramati
    1831-05-27 – 1831-06-27
  58. 1830VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    1830 – Berlangsung
  59. 1821VEI 1Perkiraan geologi
    1821-08-22 – Berlangsung
  60. 1814VEI 2Teramati
    1814-11-27 – 1814-11-28
  61. 1812VEI 2Teramati
    1812-09-07 – 1812-09-07
  62. 1811VEI 2Teramati
    1811-02-01 – 1811-05
  63. 1781VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    1781 – Berlangsung
  64. 1775VEI 3Teramati
    1775-08-20 – 1775-11-06
    Summit and NW flank (100 m)
  65. 1773VEI 2Teramati
    1773-02-02 – 1773-02-07
  66. 1773VEI 2Teramati
    1773-10-21 – 1774-01-22
  67. 1771VEI 3Teramati
    1771-08-28 – 1772-10-09
  68. 1770VEI 3Teramati
    1770-07-06 – 1770-12-09
  69. 1763VEI 2Teramati
    1763 – Berlangsung
    North flank
  70. 1739VEI 2Teramati
    1739 – Berlangsung
  71. 1737VEI 2Teramati
    1737-03-10 – 1737-03-13
  72. 1687VEI 3Teramati
    1687-05-10 – 1687-05-11
  73. 1686VEI 2Teramati
    1686-09 – 1686-10-13
  74. 1676VEI 2Teramati
    1676-12-31 – Berlangsung
  75. 1659VEI 2Teramati
    1659-06 – Berlangsung
  76. 1653VEI 3Teramati
    1653-12-31 – Berlangsung
  77. 1648VEI 2Teramati
    1648-06-15 – 1648-06-18
  78. 1643VEI 2Perkiraan geologi
    1643-06-15 – Berlangsung
  79. 1635VEI 2Teramati
    1635-03-29 – Berlangsung
  80. 1608VEI 3Teramati
    1608-07-18 – 1608-07-19
  81. 1605VEI 2Teramati
    1605-05 – Berlangsung
  82. 1561VEI 2Teramati
    1561-12-31 – Berlangsung
  83. 1538VEI 3Teramati
    1538 – Berlangsung
  84. 1510 (±10 tahun)VEI 3Teramati
    1510 – Berlangsung

Tautan eksternal

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