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Mauna Loa

Gunung api perisai · United States · 4170 m

The low-angle flanks of Mauna Loa rise nearly 9 km from the sea floor. The elongated profile was created by repeated eruptions of thin lava flows, primarily from fissure vents along NE- and SW-trending rift zones. Almost 90% of the surface consists of lava flows less than 4,000 years old.
The low-angle flanks of Mauna Loa rise nearly 9 km from the sea floor. The elongated profile was created by repeated eruptions of thin lava flows, primarily from fissure vents along NE- and SW-trending rift zones. Almost 90% of the surface consists of lava flows less than 4,000 years old. · Foto: Photo by Richard Fiske (Smithsonian Institution). · Wikimedia Commons
Tipe
Gunung api perisai
Negara
United States
Wilayah
Eastern Pacific Volcanic Regions / Hawaiian-Emperor Hotspot Volcano Group
Ketinggian
4170 m
Koordinat
19.475, -155.608
Letusan terakhir
2022
Kondisi tektonik
Intraplate / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)
Bentuk lahan
Shield
Batuan utama
Basalt / Picro-Basalt
Ringkasan geologi

Massive Mauna Loa is a basaltic shield volcano that rises almost 9 km from the ocean floor to form the world's largest Holocene volcano. Flank eruptions typically occur from the lengthy NE and SW rift zones, and from the Moku'aweoweo summit is caldera, which is within an older and larger 6 x 8 km caldera. Two of the youngest large debris avalanches documented in Hawaii traveled nearly 100 km from Mauna Loa; the second of the Alika avalanches was emplaced about 105,000 years ago (Moore et al., 1989). Almost 90% of the surface of the volcano is covered by lavas less than 4,000 years old (Lockwood and Lipman, 1987). Beginning about 1,500 years ago, a series of voluminous overflows from a summit lava lake covered about 25% of the volcano's surface. Over the last 750 years, from shortly after the formation of Moku'aweoweo caldera until the present, an additional 25% of the volcano has been covered with lava flows, mainly from summit and NW rift zone vents.

Ringkasan Wikipedia

Mauna Loa adalah satu dari lima gunung berapi yang membentuk Pulau Hawaii di negara bagian Hawaii, Amerika Serikat yang berada Samudera Pasifik. Kata Mauna Loa berasal dari bahasa Hawaii yang berarti pegunungan panjang. Mauna Loa termasuk gunung berapi tipe perisai dengan perkiraan volume sekitar 18.000 mil kubik (75.000 km³), puncaknya setinggi 120 kaki, lebih rendah dari Mauna Kea. Erupsi lava dari Mauna Loa sangat cair dan mengandung sedikit silika dengan letusan yang cenderung efusif, serta memiliki lereng yang landai.

Wikipedia · CC BY-SA · Baca artikel lengkap →

Riwayat letusan

Ringkasan (VEI dari waktu ke waktu)
Klik pada bar untuk melihat letusan individu
8050 BCE~7714 BCE · 2 letusan · VEI maks. 07714 BCE~7379 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 07379 BCE~7043 BCE · 2 letusan · VEI maks. 06707 BCE~6371 BCE · 2 letusan · VEI maks. 06371 BCE~6036 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 06036 BCE~5700 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 05700 BCE~5364 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 05364 BCE~5028 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 04357 BCE~4021 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 04021 BCE~3685 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 03685 BCE~3350 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 03350 BCE~3014 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 03014 BCE~2678 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 02678 BCE~2343 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 02343 BCE~2007 BCE · 3 letusan · VEI maks. 02007 BCE~1671 BCE · 5 letusan · VEI maks. 01671 BCE~1335 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 01335 BCE~1000 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 01000 BCE~664 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 0664 BCE~328 BCE · 3 letusan · VEI maks. 0328 BCE~8 · 5 letusan · VEI maks. 08~343 · 5 letusan · VEI maks. 0343~679 · 6 letusan · VEI maks. 0679~1015 · 4 letusan · VEI maks. 01015~1351 · 6 letusan · VEI maks. 01351~1686 · 12 letusan · VEI maks. 01686~2022 · 42 letusan · VEI maks. 28050 BCE5700 BCE3014 BCE664 BCE1686

Garis waktu rinci

  1. 2022VEI 0Teramati
    2022-11-27 – 2022-12-10
    Moku‘aweoweo, Northeast Rift Zone
  2. 1984VEI 0Teramati
    1984-03-25 – 1984-04-15
    Moku'aweoweo, SW and NE rift zones
  3. 1975VEI 0Teramati
    1975-07-05 – 1975-07-06
    Mokuaweoweo and NE and SW rift zones,
  4. 1950VEI 0Teramati
    1950-06-01 – 1950-06-23
    SW rift zone (2440 m)
  5. 1949VEI 0Teramati
    1949-01-06 – 1949-05-31
    Mokuaweoweo and SW rift zone
  6. 1942VEI 0Teramati
    1942-04-26 – 1942-05-10
    NE rift zone (2800 m) and Mokuaweoweo
  7. 1940VEI 0Teramati
    1940-04-07 – 1940-08-18
    Mokuaweoweo and SW rift zone
  8. 1935VEI 0Teramati
    1935-11-21 – 1936-01-02
    NE rift zone (3690 m) and Mokuaweoweo
  9. 1933VEI 0Teramati
    1933-12-02 – 1933-12-18
    Mokuaweoweo
  10. 1926VEI 0Teramati
    1926-04-10 – 1926-04-28
    SW rift (2320 m)
  11. 1919VEI 0Teramati
    1919-09-26 – 1919-11-05
    SW rift zone (3450 and 2350 m)
  12. 1916VEI 0Teramati
    1916-05-19 – 1916-05-30
    SW rift zone (3000 and 2250 m)
  13. 1914VEI 0Teramati
    1914-11-25 – 1915-01-11
    Mokuaweoweo
  14. 1907VEI 0Teramati
    1907-01-09 – 1907-01-24
    SW rift zone (1890 m) and Mokuaweoweo
  15. 1903VEI 0Teramati
    1903-09-01 – 1903-12-07
    Mokuaweoweo
  16. 1899VEI 1Teramati
    1899-07-01 – 1899-07-23
    NE rift zone (3260 m) and Mokuaweoweo
  17. 1896VEI 0Teramati
    1896-04-21 – 1896-05-06
    Mokuaweoweo
  18. 1892VEI 0Teramati
    1892-11-30 – 1892-12-03
    Mokuaweoweo
  19. 1887VEI 0Teramati
    1887-01-16 – 1887-01-28
    SW rift zone (1740 m) and Mokuaweoweo
  20. 1880VEI 1Teramati
    1880-05-01 – 1880-05-06
    Mokuaweoweo
  21. 1880VEI 1Teramati
    1880-11-05 – 1881-08-10
    NE rift zone (3170 m)
  22. 1879VEI 0Teramati
    1879-03-09 – 1879-03-09
    Mokuaweoweo
  23. 1877VEI 0Teramati
    1877-02-14 – 1877-02-24
    Mokuaweoweo, submarine west flank
  24. 1876VEI 0Teramati
    1876-02-13 – 1876-02-14
    Mokuaweoweo
  25. 1875VEI 0Teramati
    1875-01-10 – 1875-02-09
    Mokuaweoweo
  26. 1875VEI 0Teramati
    1875-08-11 – 1875-08-18
    Mokuaweoweo
  27. 1873VEI 0Teramati
    1873-01-06 – 1873-01-07
    Mokuaweoweo
  28. 1873VEI 1Teramati
    1873-04-20 – 1874-10-19
    Mokuaweoweo
  29. 1872VEI 1Teramati
    1872-08-09 – 1872-09
    Mokuaweoweo
  30. 1871VEI 0Teramati
    1871-08-10 – 1871-08-30
    Mokuaweoweo
  31. 1870VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1870-01-01 – 1870-01-15
    Mokuaweoweo
  32. 1868VEI 2Teramati
    1868-03-27 – 1868-04-22
    SW rift zone (1000 m) and Mokuaweoweo
  33. 1865VEI 0Teramati
    1865-12-30 – 1866-04-29
    Mokuaweoweo
  34. 1859VEI 1Teramati
    1859-01-23 – 1859-11-25
    North flank (2800 m) and Mokuaweoweo
  35. 1855VEI 1Teramati
    1855-08-11 – 1856-11
    NE rift zone (3200 m) and Mokuaweoweo
  36. 1852VEI 2Teramati
    1852-02-17 – 1852-03-11
    NE rift zone (2560 m) and Mokuaweoweo
  37. 1851VEI 0Teramati
    1851-08-08 – 1851-08-11
    Mokuaweoweo and SW rift zone
  38. 1849VEI 0Teramati
    1849-05 – Berlangsung
    Mokuaweoweo
  39. 1843VEI 0Teramati
    1843-01-09 – 1843-04-10
    North flank, Mokuaweoweo and NE rift
  40. 1832VEI 0Teramati
    1832-06-20 – 1832-07-15
    Mokuaweoweo and adjacent vents
  41. 1750VEI 0Teramati
    1750 – Berlangsung
    North flank (2380 m) and SW rift zone?
  42. 1730VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1730 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  43. 1685VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1685 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  44. 1680VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1680 – Berlangsung
    NW flank
  45. 1650VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1650 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  46. 1640VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1640 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  47. 1540VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1540 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  48. 1510VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1510 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  49. 1500VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1500 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  50. 1470VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1470 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  51. 1440VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1440 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone and NW flank
  52. 1390VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1390 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  53. 1370VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1370 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone and Mokuaweoweo
  54. 1360VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1360 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  55. 1310VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1310 – Berlangsung
    SW rift zone
  56. 1190VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1190 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone and Mokuaweoweo
  57. 1170VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1170 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  58. 1130VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1130 – Berlangsung
    SW rift zone
  59. 1070VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1070 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  60. 1040VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    1040 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  61. 940VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    940 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  62. 830VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    830 – Berlangsung
    Mokuaweoweo and NW flank
  63. 810VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    810 – Berlangsung
    Mokuaweoweo
  64. 680VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    680 – Berlangsung
    Mokuaweoweo
  65. 630VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    630 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  66. 600VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    600 – Berlangsung
    Mokuaweoweo
  67. 550VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    550 – Berlangsung
    Mokuaweoweo
  68. 480VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    480 – Berlangsung
    Mokuaweoweo
  69. 450VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    450 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  70. 350VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    350 – Berlangsung
    Mokuaweoweo
  71. 300VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    300 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  72. 200VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    200 – Berlangsung
    Mokuaweoweo
  73. 150VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    150 – Berlangsung
    SE rift zone
  74. 100VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    100 – Berlangsung
    SE rift zone
  75. 50VEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    50 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  76. 30 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 30 – Berlangsung
    NE and SW rift zones
  77. 60 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 60 – Berlangsung
    Mokuaweoweo
  78. 80 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 80 – Berlangsung
    SE rift zone
  79. 200 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 200 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  80. 300 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 300 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  81. 400 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 400 – Berlangsung
    SW rift zone
  82. 500 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 500 – Berlangsung
    SW rift zone
  83. 600 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 600 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  84. 950 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 950 – Berlangsung
    Mokuaweoweo
  85. 1300 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 1300 – Berlangsung
    Mokuaweoweo and NE rift zone
  86. 1650 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 1650 – Berlangsung
    NE and SW rift zones
  87. 1700 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 1700 – Berlangsung
    SW rift zone
  88. 1750 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 1750 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  89. 1800 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 1800 – Berlangsung
    NW and SW rift zones
  90. 1900 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 1900 – Berlangsung
    SW rift zone
  91. 2000 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 2000 – Berlangsung
    SW rift zone
  92. 2050 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 2050 – Berlangsung
    Mokuaweoweo
  93. 2150 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 2150 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  94. 2250 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 2250 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  95. 2350 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 2350 – Berlangsung
    Mokuaweoweo
  96. 2750 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 2750 – Berlangsung
    NE and SW rift zones
  97. 3250 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 3250 – Berlangsung
    SW rift zone
  98. 3350 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 3350 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  99. 3750 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 3750 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  100. 4250 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 4250 – Berlangsung
    SW rift zone
  101. 5350 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 5350 – Berlangsung
    SW rift zone
  102. 5650 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 5650 – Berlangsung
    SW rift zone
  103. 5850 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 5850 – Berlangsung
    NE and SW rift zones
  104. 6250 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 6250 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  105. 6550 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 6550 – Berlangsung
    Mokuaweoweo
  106. 6650 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 6650 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  107. 7150 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 7150 – Berlangsung
    NE and SW rift zones
  108. 7350 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 7350 – Berlangsung
    SW rift zone
  109. 7550 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 7550 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  110. 7850 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 7850 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone
  111. 8050 SMVEI 0Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 8050 – Berlangsung
    NE rift zone

Tautan eksternal

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