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Hekla

Stratovolkan · Iceland · 1490 m

Snow-covered Hekla, one of Iceland's most prominent and active volcanoes, is seen here in an aerial view from the east. Toppgigur crater occupies the summit, in the middle of the ridge, and Axlargigur crater is seen here as a small peak along the summit ridge to the left (W). Repeated eruptions along an ENE-WSW-trending rift are responsible for Hekla's elongated profile. The 5.5-km-long Heklugja fissure cuts across the volcano. Lava flows from eruptions dating back to 1104 CE cover much of the volcano's flanks and are seen here fanning out from the ridge in all directions.
Snow-covered Hekla, one of Iceland's most prominent and active volcanoes, is seen here in an aerial view from the east. Toppgigur crater occupies the summit, in the middle of the ridge, and Axlargigur crater is seen here as a small peak along the summit ridge to the left (W). Repeated eruptions along an ENE-WSW-trending rift are responsible for Hekla's elongated profile. The 5.5-km-long Heklugja fissure cuts across the volcano. Lava flows from eruptions dating back to 1104 CE cover much of the volcano's flanks and are seen here fanning out from the ridge in all directions. · Foto: Photo by Oddur Sigurdsson, 1977 (Icelandic National Energy Authority). · Wikimedia Commons
Tipe
Stratovolkan
Negara
Iceland
Wilayah
Atlantic Ocean Volcanic Regions / Iceland Neovolcanic Rift Volcanic Province
Ketinggian
1490 m
Koordinat
63.983, -19.666
Letusan terakhir
2000
Kondisi tektonik
Rift zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)
Bentuk lahan
Composite
Batuan utama
Andesite / Basaltic Andesite
Ringkasan geologi

One of Iceland's most prominent and active volcanoes, Hekla lies near the southern end of the eastern rift zone. Hekla occupies a rift-transform junction, and has produced basaltic andesites, in contrast to the tholeiitic basalts typical of Icelandic rift zone volcanoes. Vatnafjöll, a 40-km-long, 9-km-wide group of basaltic fissures and crater rows immediately SE of Hekla forms a part of the Hekla-Vatnafjöll volcanic system. A 5.5-km-long fissure, Heklugjá, cuts across the 1491-m-high Hekla volcano and is often active along its full length during major eruptions. Repeated eruptions along this rift, which is oblique to most rifting structures in the eastern volcanic zone, are responsible for Hekla's elongated ENE-WSW profile. Frequent large silicic explosive eruptions during historical time have deposited tephra throughout Iceland, providing valuable time markers used to date eruptions from other Icelandic volcanoes. Hekla tephras are generally rich in fluorine and are consequently very hazardous to grazing animals. Extensive lava flows from historical eruptions, which date back to 1104 CE, cover much of the volcano's flanks.

Ringkasan Wikipedia

Hekla, atau Hecla, adalah sebuah gunung berapi kerucut yang terletak di bagian selatan Islandia dengan ketinggian 1.491 m (4.892 ft). Hekla adalah salah satu dari gunung berapi paling aktif di Islandia; lebih dari 20 letusan telah terjadi di dalam dan di sekitar gunung berapi sejak 874. Selama Abad Pertengahan, orang Eropa menyebut gunung berapi ini sebagai "Gerbang menuju Neraka".

Wikipedia · CC BY-SA · Baca artikel lengkap →

Riwayat letusan

Ringkasan (VEI dari waktu ke waktu)
Klik pada bar untuk melihat letusan individu
5850 BCE~5588 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. ?5327 BCE~5065 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 55065 BCE~4803 BCE · 2 letusan · VEI maks. ?4803 BCE~4542 BCE · 4 letusan · VEI maks. 44542 BCE~4280 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. ?4280 BCE~4018 BCE · 4 letusan · VEI maks. 54018 BCE~3757 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. ?3757 BCE~3495 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. ?3495 BCE~3233 BCE · 2 letusan · VEI maks. ?2972 BCE~2710 BCE · 2 letusan · VEI maks. ?2710 BCE~2448 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. ?2448 BCE~2187 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 51925 BCE~1663 BCE · 2 letusan · VEI maks. ?1663 BCE~1402 BCE · 2 letusan · VEI maks. 41402 BCE~1140 BCE · 3 letusan · VEI maks. ?1140 BCE~878 BCE · 1 letusan · VEI maks. 5878 BCE~617 BCE · 3 letusan · VEI maks. ?355 BCE~93 BCE · 2 letusan · VEI maks. ?168~430 · 2 letusan · VEI maks. ?430~692 · 2 letusan · VEI maks. ?692~953 · 2 letusan · VEI maks. ?953~1215 · 4 letusan · VEI maks. 51215~1477 · 5 letusan · VEI maks. 41477~1738 · 6 letusan · VEI maks. 41738~2000 · 10 letusan · VEI maks. 45850 BCE4018 BCE1925 BCE93 BCE1738

Garis waktu rinci

  1. 2000VEI 3Teramati
    2000-02-26 – 2000-03-08
    SW flank
  2. 1991VEI 3Teramati
    1991-01-17 – 1991-03-11
    Summit, SW, SE & NE flank fissures
  3. 1981VEI 2Teramati
    1981-04-09 – 1981-04-16
    Summit and north flank (900 and 740 m)
  4. 1980VEI 3Teramati
    1980-08-17 – 1980-08-20
    Summit, SW and NE flanks
  5. 1970VEI 3Teramati
    1970-05-05 – 1970-07-05
    Sudurgigar, Hlidargigar, Oldugigar
  6. 1947VEI 4Teramati
    1947-03-29 – 1948-04-21
    Hraungigur, Axlargigur, Toppgigur
  7. 1913VEI 2Teramati
    1913-04-25 – 1913-05-18
    E & NE of Hekla (Mundafit, Lambafit)
  8. 1878VEI 2Teramati
    1878-02-27 – 1878-04
    East of Hekla (Krakagigar)
  9. 1845VEI 4Teramati
    1845-09-02 – 1846-04-05
    Summit, SW and NE flanks
  10. 1766VEI 4Teramati
    1766-04-05 – 1768-05
    Bjallagigar
  11. 1725VEI 1Teramati
    1725-04-02 – Berlangsung
    SW, south and east of Hekla
  12. 1693VEI 4Teramati
    1693-02-13 – 1693-09-14
  13. 1636VEI 3Teramati
    1636-05-08 – 1637-06
  14. 1597VEI 4Teramati
    1597-01-03 – 1597-06
  15. 1554VEI 2Teramati
    1554-05 – 1554-06
    SW of Hekla (Raudubjallar)
  16. 1510VEI 4Teramati
    1510-07-25 – Berlangsung
  17. 1440VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    1440 – Berlangsung
    SE of Hekla
  18. 1389VEI 3Teramati
    1389-12-01 – 1390
    Summit ridge, west flank (Raudoldur)
  19. 1341VEI 3Teramati
    1341-05-19 – Berlangsung
  20. 1300VEI 4Teramati
    1300-07-11 – 1301-07
  21. 1222VEI 2Teramati
    1222 – Berlangsung
  22. 1206VEI 3Teramati
    1206-12-04 – Berlangsung
  23. 1158VEI 4Teramati
    1158-01-19 – Berlangsung
  24. 1104VEI 5Teramati
    1104-10-15 – Berlangsung
  25. 1050 (±500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    1050 – Berlangsung
    Austurhraun
  26. 800 (±50 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    800 – Berlangsung
    Heklutaglahraun
  27. 750VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    750 – Berlangsung
    Taglgigahraun, Solvahraun, Stakahraun
  28. 650 (±500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    650 – Berlangsung
    NE flank (Helliskvislarhraun)
  29. 550 (±1500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    550 – Berlangsung
  30. 350 (±1500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    350 – Berlangsung
    Vatnafjöll (Eskihlidarhraun)
  31. 250 (±2500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    250 – Berlangsung
    NE flank (Hestolduhraun), Vatnafjöll
  32. 150 SM (±2500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 150 – Berlangsung
    Vatnafjöll (Kringluhraun)
  33. 250 SM (±500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 250 – Berlangsung
    NE flank, Vatnafjöll (Langviuhraun)
  34. 650 SM (±2500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 650 – Berlangsung
    Vatnafjöll (Svalaskardshraun)
  35. 750 SM (±500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 750 – Berlangsung
    NE flank, Vatnafjöll (Langviuhraun)
  36. 850 SM (±1500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 850 – Berlangsung
    NE flank (Raudkembingahraun), Vatnafjöll
  37. 1100 SM (±50 tahun)VEI 5Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 1100 – Berlangsung
  38. 1150 SM (±1500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 1150 – Berlangsung
    Vatnafjöll (Hraunhalsshraun)
  39. 1250 SM (±1500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 1250 – Berlangsung
    NE flank, Vatnafjöll
  40. 1350 SM (±2500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 1350 – Berlangsung
    Vatnafjöll
  41. 1550 SMVEI 4Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 1550 – Berlangsung
  42. 1650 SM (±2500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 1650 – Berlangsung
    Vatnafjöll
  43. 1750 SM (±500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 1750 – Berlangsung
  44. 1850 SM (±2500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 1850 – Berlangsung
    NE flank (Krokagilsoduhraun), Vatnafjöll
  45. 2310 SM (±20 tahun)VEI 5Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 2310 – Berlangsung
  46. 2450 SM (±1500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 2450 – Berlangsung
    Vatnafjöll (Reynnisfellshraun)
  47. 2750 SM (±2500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 2750 – Berlangsung
    Vatnafjöll
  48. 2950 SM (±500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 2950 – Berlangsung
    Vatnafjöll (Tröllaskógahraun)
  49. 3350 SM (±2500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 3350 – Berlangsung
    Raudkollar, Vatnafjöll (Grafellshraun)
  50. 3450 SM (±1500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 3450 – Berlangsung
    Vatnafjöll
  51. 3750 SM (±1500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 3750 – Berlangsung
    Vatnafjöll
  52. 3950 SM (±500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 3950 – Berlangsung
    Axarhraun, Vatnafjöll
  53. 4050 SM (±500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 4050 – Berlangsung
    Baejarhraun
  54. 4110 SM (±100 tahun)VEI 5Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 4110 – Berlangsung
  55. 4150 SM (±2500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 4150 – Berlangsung
    Vatnafjöll (Grasleysisfjallahraun)
  56. 4250 SM (±500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 4250 – Berlangsung
    Knafaholdahraun
  57. 4350 SM (±1500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 4350 – Berlangsung
    Vatnafjöll (Lambadalshraun)
  58. 4550 SM (±500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 4550 – Berlangsung
    Krokahraun, Vatnafjöll
  59. 4650 SM (±500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 4650 – Berlangsung
    Gunnarsholtshraun
  60. 4700 SMVEI 4Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 4700 – Berlangsung
  61. 4750 SM (±2500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 4750 – Berlangsung
    Vatnafjöll (west of Laufafell)
  62. 4950 SM (±2500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 4950 – Berlangsung
    Vatnafjöll (Raudölduhraun)
  63. 5050 SMVEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 5050 – Berlangsung
    Reydarvatnshraun lava flow, Vatnafjöll
  64. 5150 SMVEI 5Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 5150 – Berlangsung
  65. 5850 SM (±2500 tahun)VEI ?Perkiraan geologi
    BCE 5850 – Berlangsung
    Svinholdahraun

Tautan eksternal

⚠ Untuk referensi saja. Bukan untuk tanggap darurat.