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Gamalama

Stratovulcano · Indonesia · 1714 m

Gamalama (Peak of Ternate) is a near-conical stratovolcano that rises abruptly NW of the city of Ternate, the principal port of the renowned spice islands of northern Maluku. Three cones, progressively younger to the north, form the summit of Gamalama. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano. Eruptions from Gamalama, one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, have been recorded since the 16th century.
Gamalama (Peak of Ternate) is a near-conical stratovolcano that rises abruptly NW of the city of Ternate, the principal port of the renowned spice islands of northern Maluku. Three cones, progressively younger to the north, form the summit of Gamalama. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano. Eruptions from Gamalama, one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, have been recorded since the 16th century. · Foto: Photo by Jack Lockwood, 1980 (U.S. Geological Survey). · Wikimedia Commons
Tipo
Stratovulcano
Paese
Indonesia
Regione
Western Pacific Volcanic Regions / Halmahera Volcanic Arc
Altitudine
1714 m
Coordinate
0.810, 127.332
Ultima eruzione
2018
Contesto tettonico
Subduction zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)
Forma vulcanica
Composite
Roccia principale
Andesite / Basaltic Andesite
Sintesi geologica

Gamalama is a near-conical stratovolcano that comprises the entire island of Ternate off the western coast of Halmahera, and is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. The island was a major regional center in the Portuguese and Dutch spice trade for several centuries, which contributed to the extensive documentation of activity. Three cones, progressively younger to the north, form the summit. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano; the S-flank Ngade maar formed after about 14,500–13,000 cal. BP (Faral et al., 2022). Eruptions, recorded frequently since the 16th century, typically originated from the summit craters, although flank eruptions have occurred in 1763, 1770, 1775, and 1962-63.

Sintesi da Wikipedia

Riassunto in inglese

Gamalama is a near-conical active stratovolcano that comprises the entire Ternate island in Indonesia. The island lies off the western shore of Halmahera island in the north of the Maluku Islands. For centuries, Ternate was a center of Portuguese and Dutch forts for spice trade, which have accounted for thorough reports of Gamalama's volcanic activities.

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Storia delle eruzioni

Riepilogo (VEI nel tempo)
Fai clic su una barra per vedere le singole eruzioni
1510~1561 · 2 eruzioni · VEI max. 31561~1612 · 3 eruzioni · VEI max. 31612~1662 · 5 eruzioni · VEI max. 31662~1713 · 3 eruzioni · VEI max. 31713~1764 · 3 eruzioni · VEI max. 21764~1815 · 9 eruzioni · VEI max. 31815~1866 · 24 eruzioni · VEI max. 31866~1916 · 12 eruzioni · VEI max. 21916~1967 · 6 eruzioni · VEI max. 21967~2018 · 17 eruzioni · VEI max. 315101612176418661967

Cronologia dettagliata

  1. 2018VEI 1Osservata
    2018-10-04 – 2018-10-06
    Summit crater
  2. 2016VEI 1Osservata
    2016-08-03 – 2016-08-04
    Summit crater
  3. 2015VEI 2Osservata
    2015-07-16 – 2015-09-08
    Summit crater
  4. 2014VEI 2Osservata
    2014-12-18 – 2014-12-25
    Summit crater
  5. 2012VEI 1Osservata
    2012-09-15 – 2012-09-17
    Summit crater
  6. 2011VEI 2Osservata
    2011-12-05 – 2011-12-23
    Summit crater
  7. 2008VEI 1Stima geologica
    2008-05-10 – In corso
  8. 2007VEI 1Stima geologica
    2007-08-23 – In corso
  9. 2003VEI 2Osservata
    2003-07-31 – 2003-10-02
  10. 1996VEI 2Osservata
    1996-07-02 – In corso
  11. 1994VEI 2Osservata
    1994-01-16 – 1994-10-15
  12. 1993VEI 2Osservata
    1993-05-06 – 1993-05-21
  13. 1991VEI 1Stima geologica
    1991-06-15 – 1991-06-15
  14. 1990VEI 3Osservata
    1990-04-25 – 1990-04-26
  15. 1988VEI 2Osservata
    1988-02-12 – 1988-03-16
  16. 1983VEI 3Osservata
    1983-08-09 – 1983-08-12
  17. 1980VEI 2Osservata
    1980-09-04 – 1980-09-23
  18. 1962VEI 2Osservata
    1962-12-31 – 1963-01-02
    East flank
  19. 1938VEI 2Osservata
    1938-09-08 – 1938-09-08
  20. 1933VEI 2Osservata
    1933-11-12 – In corso
  21. 1932VEI 2Osservata
    1932-11-10 – 1932-11-13
  22. 1923VEI 2Osservata
    1923-04-13 – 1923-05-06
  23. 1918VEI 1Osservata
    1918-08 – 1918-09-04
  24. 1911VEI 1Osservata
    1911-09-02 – 1911-09-06
  25. 1907VEI 2Osservata
    1907-11-17 – 1907-11-20
  26. 1900VEI 1Stima geologica
    1900-05 – 1900-06-04
  27. 1898VEI 2Osservata
    1898-05-14 – 1898-05-28
  28. 1897VEI 1Osservata
    1897-09-07 – 1897-09-24
  29. 1896VEI 1Stima geologica
    1896-08-03 – 1896-08-04
  30. 1895VEI 1Osservata
    1895-12-19 – 1895-12-19
  31. 1884VEI 2Osservata
    1884-05 – 1884-05
  32. 1884VEI 1Stima geologica
    1884-12-08 – 1884-12-09
  33. 1871VEI 2Osservata
    1871-08-07 – 1871-09-25
  34. 1868VEI 1Osservata
    1868-03-13 – 1868-03-13
  35. 1868VEI 2Osservata
    1868-11-13 – 1869-02-10
  36. 1864VEI 2Osservata
    1864-01-20 – 1864-02-17
  37. 1864VEI 1Stima geologica
    1864-06-04 – 1864-06-25
  38. 1864VEI 2Osservata
    1864-12-27 – 1865-01-02
  39. 1863VEI 2Stima geologica
    1863-05-01 – 1863-06
  40. 1862VEI 2Osservata
    1862-07-15 – 1862-10
  41. 1860VEI 1Stima geologica
    1860-06 – In corso
  42. 1858VEI 1Stima geologica
    1858-11 – 1859-09
  43. 1849VEI 2Osservata
    1849-11-27 – 1850-11-19
  44. 1847VEI 2Osservata
    1847-02-07 – 1847-02-07
  45. 1847VEI ?Osservata
    1847-09-07 – 1847-09-07
  46. 1846VEI 2Osservata
    1846-05-19 – 1846-05-19
  47. 1845VEI 1Stima geologica
    1845-04-23 – 1845-09-03
  48. 1844VEI 1Stima geologica
    1844-03-24 – 1844-11-14
  49. 1843VEI 2Osservata
    1843-04-10 – 1843-05-27
  50. 1842VEI 1Osservata
    1842-10-06 – 1842-12-31
  51. 1841VEI 1Stima geologica
    1841-03-30 – 1841-11-20
  52. 1840VEI 3Osservata
    1840-02-02 – 1840-09-29
  53. 1839VEI 2Osservata
    1839-01-29 – 1839-03-26
  54. 1838VEI 2Osservata
    1838-02-26 – 1838-05
  55. 1835VEI 2Osservata
    1835-01-04 – In corso
  56. 1833VEI 2Osservata
    1833-06-15 – In corso
  57. 1831VEI 2Osservata
    1831-05-27 – 1831-06-27
  58. 1830VEI ?Stima geologica
    1830 – In corso
  59. 1821VEI 1Stima geologica
    1821-08-22 – In corso
  60. 1814VEI 2Osservata
    1814-11-27 – 1814-11-28
  61. 1812VEI 2Osservata
    1812-09-07 – 1812-09-07
  62. 1811VEI 2Osservata
    1811-02-01 – 1811-05
  63. 1781VEI ?Stima geologica
    1781 – In corso
  64. 1775VEI 3Osservata
    1775-08-20 – 1775-11-06
    Summit and NW flank (100 m)
  65. 1773VEI 2Osservata
    1773-02-02 – 1773-02-07
  66. 1773VEI 2Osservata
    1773-10-21 – 1774-01-22
  67. 1771VEI 3Osservata
    1771-08-28 – 1772-10-09
  68. 1770VEI 3Osservata
    1770-07-06 – 1770-12-09
  69. 1763VEI 2Osservata
    1763 – In corso
    North flank
  70. 1739VEI 2Osservata
    1739 – In corso
  71. 1737VEI 2Osservata
    1737-03-10 – 1737-03-13
  72. 1687VEI 3Osservata
    1687-05-10 – 1687-05-11
  73. 1686VEI 2Osservata
    1686-09 – 1686-10-13
  74. 1676VEI 2Osservata
    1676-12-31 – In corso
  75. 1659VEI 2Osservata
    1659-06 – In corso
  76. 1653VEI 3Osservata
    1653-12-31 – In corso
  77. 1648VEI 2Osservata
    1648-06-15 – 1648-06-18
  78. 1643VEI 2Stima geologica
    1643-06-15 – In corso
  79. 1635VEI 2Osservata
    1635-03-29 – In corso
  80. 1608VEI 3Osservata
    1608-07-18 – 1608-07-19
  81. 1605VEI 2Osservata
    1605-05 – In corso
  82. 1561VEI 2Osservata
    1561-12-31 – In corso
  83. 1538VEI 3Osservata
    1538 – In corso
  84. 1510 (±10 anni)VEI 3Osservata
    1510 – In corso

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